Coded-block-flag coding and derivation

ABSTRACT

Techniques for coding and deriving (e.g., determining) one or more coded-block-flags associated with video content are described herein. A coded-block-flag of a last node may be determined when coded-block-flags of preceding nodes are determined to be a particular value and when a predetermined condition is satisfied. In some instances, the predetermined condition may be satisfied when log 2 (size of current transform unit) is less than log 2 (size of maximum transform unit) or log 2 (size of current coding unit) is less than or equal to log 2 (size of maximum transform unit)+1. The preceding nodes may be nodes that precede the last node on a particular level in a residual tree.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/292,019, filed Mar. 4, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/646,361, filed Jul. 11, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No.10,264,271, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/530,849, filed Jun. 22, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,749,645, thedisclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

The delivery of video content generally offers a rich user experience.To promote efficient delivery, the video content is typically encodedprior to delivery to reduce the amount of data transferred over thenetwork. One common type of video compression is amotion-compensation-based video coding scheme, which is used in suchcoding standards as MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.261, H.263, and H.264/AVC.In such coding standards, video images are sampled and transformed intocoefficients that capture the variation in pixels across the image. Thecoefficients are then quantized and transmitted to a decoder. Thedecoder is able to decode the image by performing operations that aresubstantially the inverse of the encoding operation.

SUMMARY

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form that are further described below in the DetailedDescription. This Summary is not intended to identify key or essentialfeatures of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used tolimit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

This disclosure is directed to coding and deriving (e.g., determining)one or more coded-block-flags (CBFs) associated with video content. Inparticular, an encoder or decoder may represent video content with aplurality of nodes (e.g., in a residual quadtree structure). Theplurality of nodes may include a plurality of transform units that areeach associated with a CBF. A CBF may indicate whether or not thetransform unit includes residual information (e.g., informationgenerated through prediction). For example, a CBF value of “0” mayindicate that the transform unit does not include residual informationand a CBF value of “1” may indicate that the transform unit includesresidual information.

The encoder or decoder may determine a CBF value(s) of a precedingtransform unit(s) (e.g., first three transform units) at a particularlevel. The encoder or decoder may also determine whether a predeterminedcondition is satisfied. For example, the encoder or decoder maydetermine whether log₂(a size of a current transform unit)<log₂(apredetermined maximum transform unit size) and/or whether log₂(a size ofa current coding unit)≤log₂(the predetermined maximum transform unitsize)+1.

If the value(s) of the preceding transform unit(s) at the particularlevel indicates that the transform unit(s) does not include residualinformation and if the predetermined condition is satisfied, then theencoder or decoder may determine (e.g., infer) the CBF value of a lasttransform unit (e.g., fourth transform unit) at the particular level.For example, the encoder or decoder may determine that the last CBFvalue indicates that the last transform unit includes residualinformation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The detailed description is set forth with reference to the accompanyingfigures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference numberidentifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. Theuse of the same reference numbers in different figures indicates similaror identical items or features.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example architecture to determine whether acoded-block-flag value of a last node of a particular level should becoded and/or may be derived.

FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate an example residual quadtree which may be used torepresent residual information.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example process that may be performed by anencoder to determine a value of a coded-block-flag.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example process that may be performed by a decoderto determine a value of a coded-block-flag.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Video content is generally defined by a series of frames that areassociated with a particular order. These frames often includeduplicative information in a single frame or across multiple frames. Inorder to reduce an amount of duplicative information that is stored ortransferred, an encoder may perform various coding (e.g., compression)techniques that decrease a number of bits used to represent the videocontent.

This disclosure is directed to coding and deriving (e.g., inferring) oneor more coded-block-flags (CBFs) associated with video content. In someinstances, by coding and/or deriving a CBF as described herein, videocontent may be represented with fewer bits in comparison to previoustechniques.

In some embodiments, an encoder or decoder may represent video contentwith a plurality of nodes. For example, the video content may berepresented in a residual tree structure (e.g., residual quadtree). Theresidual tree structure may include a plurality of transform units thatare each associated with CBF. A CBF may indicate whether or not thetransform unit includes residual information (e.g., informationgenerated through prediction).

The encoder or decoder may determine CBF values of preceding transformunits (e.g., first three transform units) at a particular level. Theencoder or decoder may also determine whether a predetermined conditionis satisfied. For example, the encoder or decoder may determine whetherlog₂(a size of a current transform unit)<log₂(a predetermined maximumtransform unit size) and/or whether log₂(a size of a current codingunit)≤log₂(the predetermined maximum transform unit size)+1.

If the values of the preceding transform units at a particular levelindicate that the transform units do not include residual informationand if the predetermined condition is satisfied, then the encoder ordecoder may determine (e.g., infer) the CBF value of a last transformunit (e.g., fourth transform unit). For example, the encoder or decodermay determine that the last CBF value indicates that the last transformunit includes residual information.

The CBF coding and deriving techniques are described herein in thecontext of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard. However,these techniques may be implemented in other coding standards.

In some instances, the techniques described herein may allow an encoderand/or decoder to determine a value of a CBF of a particular node (e.g.,transform unit) in more cases in comparison to previous techniques. Forexample, a CBF value of a last transform unit may be determined whenthree consecutive CBFs of a particular value (e.g., “0”) are identifiedfor preceding transform units and when (i) log₂(size of currenttransform unit) is less than log₂(size of maximum transform unit) or(ii) log₂(size of current coding unit) is less than or equal tolog₂(size of maximum transform unit)+1. This determination may allow anencoder to refrain from sending the CBF of the last transform unit to adecoder. Thus, in some instances, bits used to represent video contentmay be reduced (e.g., in comparison to previous techniques) and videocontent may be further compressed.

This brief introduction is provided for the reader's convenience and isnot intended to limit the scope of the claims, nor the proceedingsections. Furthermore, the techniques described in detail below may beimplemented in a number of ways and in a number of contexts. One exampleimplementation and context is provided with reference to the followingfigures, as described below in more detail. It is to be appreciated,however, that the following implementation and context is but one ofmany.

Illustrative Architecture

In the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard (sometimes referredto as H.265/MPEG-H), a frame of video content is divided intonon-overlapping coding units (CU). Each coding unit may correspond to ablock of pixels having predetermined dimensions (e.g., an 8×8, 16×16,32×32, 64×64, etc.), which may be established by the HEVC standard.

A coding unit may be split (e.g., divided) into sub-units that eachcorresponds to a block of pixels (e.g., a 4×4, 8×8, etc.). Each sub-unitmay be split into further sub-units. This process of splitting maycontinue for any number of levels. In some instances, a coding unit issplit at each level into four sub-units forming a quadtree structure.

A coding unit or sub-unit may be split based on requirements that areestablished by an encoder, decoder, application, and/or individual. Forexample, the encoder may perform a cost analysis to determine whether ornot it would be beneficial to split a coding unit. To illustrate, anencoder may determine that a cost of rate distortion is greater for anon-split coding unit in comparison to a cost of rate distortion for asplit coding unit. Based on this determination, the encoder may splitthe coding unit. Other reasons for splitting a coding unit are generallyknown and include, for example, complexity, rate control, location ofresidue, etc.

An encoder may perform various operations on a coding unit that is notsplit (e.g., coding unit at a lowest level) to generate a bitstream.Generally, the encoder may perform prediction, transformation, and/orquantization operations on a non-split coding unit. The coding unit maybe represented as different types of units at each operation, such asone or more prediction units (PU) or transform units (TU), as discussedin further detail below.

At prediction, a non-split coding unit (e.g., coding unit at a lowestlevel) is represented as one or more prediction units. A prediction unitmay be split into sub-units which may in turn be split into furthersub-units. A prediction unit that is not split may be used to determinea reference block(s) and/or other information for reconstructing ablock. The reference block(s) and/or information may be determinedthrough intra-prediction (e.g., spatial prediction) and/orinter-prediction (e.g., temporal prediction). The reference block(s) maycorrespond to one or more blocks of pixels that best matches theprediction unit. In intra-prediction, the reference block corresponds toa block in a same slice (e.g., frame) as the prediction unit (e.g.,surrounding pixels are used). In inter-prediction, the reference blockcorresponds to a block in a temporally neighboring picture (e.g.,frame).

In some instances, information for reconstructing the current block mayinclude residual information. When the reference block does not exactlymatch a prediction unit, an encoder determines a difference betweenpixel values of the reference block and pixel values of the predictionunit. This difference is referred to as “residual information” (alsoknown as “residue” or “residual values”). The information forreconstructing the current block may also include a motion vector,information identifying a reference frame associated with a referenceblock, and so on.

At transformation, a non-split coding unit (e.g., coding unit at alowest level) is represented as one or more transform units. A transformunit may be split into sub-units which may in turn be split into furthersub-units. In some instances, the transform unit corresponds to aprediction unit, while in other instances the transform unit is largeror smaller than a prediction unit. Further, in some instances each timea transform unit is split, the transform unit is split into foursub-units forming a residual quadtree (RQT).

A residual quadtree may be used to represent residual informationassociated with one or more transform units. If a transform unit has noresidual information (e.g., does not have any non-zero coefficients),then the transform unit is not split into sub-units. The transform unitat the highest level may be referred to as the “root” transform unitwhich may correspond to the coding unit. The transform units at thelowest level (e.g., level at which transform units are not split) may bereferred to as “leaf” transform units. Further, a transform unit off ofwhich another transform unit was split may be referred to as a “parent”transform unit for the other transform unit.

A transform unit that is not split may be used to determine (e.g.,generate) a block of coefficients. For example, residual informationassociated with a prediction unit, and corresponding transform unit, maybe transformed to generate a block of coefficients. The transform mayinclude performing generally known transform techniques, such as aDiscrete Cosine Transform (DCT). If, for example, there is no residualinformation, then each of the coefficients may be zero.

At quantization, each coefficient of a block of coefficients isquantized. The quantized coefficients may be stored in a bitstream,along with prediction information (e.g., prediction mode,coded-block-flag, motion vector, etc.) and/or transform information(e.g., transform mode, etc.).

In some instances, a coded-block-flag (CBF) is used to indicate whetheror not residual information exists for a prediction unit and/orcorresponding transform unit. For example, a CBF of “1” may indicatethat a transform unit includes residual information (e.g., transformunit includes non-zero coefficients). Meanwhile, a CBF of “0” mayindicate that a transform unit does not include non-zero coefficients(e.g., transform unit has coefficients of zero).

In order to store residual information for a particular coding unit, anencoder may use a residual quadtree structure. First, the encoder storesa CBF for a root transform unit of the residual quadtree. If the CBF forthe root transform unit is “0”, then no coefficients are stored for theroot transform unit (e.g., the coefficients are zero). If the CBF forthe root transform unit is “1”, then the encoder proceeds to the nextlowest level and identifies values of CBFs on that level.

As noted above, in a residual quadtree a transform unit is not splitinto sub-units when the transform unit does not have any non-zerocoefficients (e.g., CBF is “0”). As such, if, for example, the encoderidentifies three consecutive CBFs of “0” while storing the CBFs fortransform units of a same level of the residual quadtree (e.g., firstthree transform units), then the encoder may infer that the CBF is “1”for a last transform unit on that level (e.g., fourth transform unit),otherwise the CBF for the parent transform unit would be “0” and the CBFwould have been signaled at the parent transform unit. Accordingly, insuch instances the encoder may not store the last CBF (e.g., “1”) basedon this inference.

In one exception, the encoder does not infer that the last CBF is “1”when a transform unit is larger than a predetermined maximum transformunit size (e.g., 32×32). Here, the transform unit may have been requiredto split (e.g., because it is larger than the predetermined maximumsize). This may cause a transform unit that has coefficients of zero(e.g., CBF is “0”) to be split. Thus, in order to avoid an incorrectinference of “1” for a last CBF that is actually “0” and that wasrequired to split, the encoder does not infer that the last CBF is “1”if a size of the transform unit is greater than or equal to thepredetermined maximum transform unit size. However, this exception isrestricting and often avoids inferences which are accurate.

This disclosure is directed to coding and deriving (e.g., inferring) oneor more CBFs associated with video content. For example, a CBF of a lasttransform unit of a particular level of a residual quadtree may beinferred to be “1” when three consecutive CBFs of “0” are identified forpreceding transform units on the particular level and when (i) log₂(sizeof current transform unit) is less than log₂(size of maximum transformunit) or (ii) log₂(size of current coding unit) is less than or equal tolog₂(size of maximum transform unit)+1.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example architecture 100 in which techniquesdescribed herein may be implemented. Here, the techniques are describedin the context of a video content source 102 that encodes (e.g.,compresses) video content and sends the encoded video content to adevice 104. The video content source 102 communicates with the device104 over a network(s) 106.

The video content source 102 and/or the device 104 may be implemented byany of a variety of conventional computing devices, such as a server, alaptop computer, a desktop computer, a smart phone, an electronic readerdevice, a mobile handset, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a portablenavigation device, a portable gaming device, a tablet computer, a watch,a portable media player, and the like. In one example, the video contentsource 102 and/or the device 104 is configured in a cluster, datacenter, cloud computing environment, or a combination thereof.

The video content source 102 is equipped with one or more networkinterfaces 108, one or more processors 110, and memory 112. The memory112 may be configured to store one or more software and/or firmwaremodules, which are executable on the one or more processors 110 toimplement various functions. For example, the memory 112 may include anencoder 114 (e.g., encoder module) configured to encode video content116. Although not illustrated in FIG. 1, the memory 112 may also includea decoder configured to decode video content.

The encoder 114 may generate a bitstream of the video content that maybe stored and/or sent to a decoder. In particular, the encoder mayrepresent residual information in a residual quadtree structure, infer avalue of a particular CBF (e.g., CBF of a last transform unit) whenconsecutive CBFs (e.g., CBFs of three preceding transform units) of aparticular value are identified and when a predetermined condition issatisfied, and/or refrain from storing the particular CBF in thebitstream.

Meanwhile, the device 104 is equipped with one or more networkinterfaces 118, one or more processors 120, and memory 122. The memory122 may be configured to store one or more software and/or firmwaremodules, which are executable on the one or more processors 120 toimplement various functions. For example, the memory 122 may include adecoder 124 (e.g., decoder module) configured to decode video content126. The video content 126 may have been received from the video contentsource 102 or may have been received from a different source. Althoughnot illustrated in FIG. 1, the memory 122 may also include an encoderconfigured to encode video content.

The decoder 124 may receive a bitstream from an encoder or other sourceand decode the bitstream to form video content. In particular, thedecoder may generally infer (e.g., derive) a value of a particular CBF(e.g., CBF of a last transform unit) when consecutive CBFs (e.g., CBFsof three preceding transform units) of a particular value are identifiedand when a predetermined condition is satisfied.

Although the encoder 114 and decoder 124 are illustrated in FIG. 1 asbeing implemented as modules, the encoder 114 and/or decoder 124 may beimplemented as one or more microprocessors, digital signal processors,application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmablegate arrays (FPGAs), discrete logic, or any combinations thereof. Insome instances, the encoder 114 and/or decoder 124 may be integratedwith an audio encoder/decoder and include appropriate MUX-DEMUX units,or other hardware and software, to handle encoding/decoding of bothaudio and video in a common data stream or separate data streams. Inaddition, in some instances the encoder 114 and/or decoder 124 may beconstructed as part of a processor or incorporated into an operatingsystem or other application. Further, the encoder 114 and/or decoder 124may operate according to a video compression standard, such as MPEG-1,MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.261, H.263, H.264/AVC, and HEVC.

Further, although the memory 112 and 122 is depicted in FIG. 1 as asingle unit, the memory 112 and/or 122 (and all other memory describedherein) may include one or a combination of computer readable media.Computer readable media may include computer storage media and/orcommunication media. Computer storage media includes volatile andnon-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in anymethod or technology for storage of information such as computerreadable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data.Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, phase changememory (PRAM), static random-access memory (SRAM), dynamic random-accessmemory (DRAM), other types of random-access memory (RAM), read-onlymemory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory(EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, compact diskread-only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disks (DVD) or otheroptical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic diskstorage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transmissionmedium that can be used to store information for access by a computingdevice.

In contrast, communication media may embody computer readableinstructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in amodulated data signal, such as a carrier wave, or other transmissionmechanism. As defined herein, computer storage media does not includecommunication media.

As noted above, the video content source 102 and the device 104 maycommunicate via the network(s) 106. The network(s) 106 may include anyone or combination of multiple different types of networks, such ascellular networks, wireless networks, Local Area Networks (LANs), WideArea Networks (WANs), and the Internet.

Illustrative Residual Quadtree

FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate an example residual quadtree (RQT) 200 which maybe used to represent residual information. In FIG. 2A, a coding unit(CU) is represented by a root transform unit (TU) at level 1. In thisexample, the root transform unit is split (e.g., divided) into foursub-units (e.g., transform units at level 2). Further, the transformunit in the upper-left corner of the coding unit at level 2 is splitinto four further sub-units (e.g., transform units at level 3).

FIG. 2B illustrates the residual quadtree 200 of FIG. 2A with transformunits separated at each of the levels 1-3. Here, each transform unit isillustrated with a CBF value indicating whether or not residualinformation exists for the transform unit. In this example, a CBF valueof “1” indicates that a transform unit includes residual information(e.g., transform unit includes non-zero coefficients) and a CBF value of“0” indicates that a transform unit does not include non-zerocoefficients (e.g., transform unit has coefficients of zero). However,it should be appreciated that other values may be used to indicatewhether or not residual information exists for a transform unit. Theresidual quadtree 200 may be used to code or decode the coding unit.

In some instances, one or more split flags are coded along with CBFs ofthe residual quadtree. A split flag may be used to indicate whether ornot a transform unit is split. For example, a split flag of “1”indicates that a transform unit is split and a split flag of “0”indicates that the transform unit is not split. As such, in FIG. 2B, theroot transform unit would include a split flag of “1”, the firstsub-transform unit on level 2 on the left would include a split flag of“1”, the next three sub-transform units on level 2 would include splitflags of “0”, and the four sub-transform units on level 3 would includesplit flags of “0”.

In coding a transform unit (e.g., current transform unit), an encodermay initially store a split flag for the transform unit, beginning atthe root transform unit. If the split flag is “1”, the encoder may storethe split flag and proceed to the next lowest level (e.g., storeinformation for transform units below the level of the current transformunit and possibly proceed to an even lower level). When the encoderfinds a split flag of “0”, the encoder may store the split flag andproceed to store information for the current transform unit includinginformation associated with the residual for the current transform unit(e.g., CBF and/or residual information).

In storing information associated with the residual, the encoder firstidentifies a value of the CBF. If the CBF is “0” indicating that thereis no residual information (e.g., coefficients are zero), then theencoder may store the CBF and refrain from storing the coefficientsassociated with the residual information since the coefficients arezero. Alternatively, if the CBF is “1” indicating that there is residualinformation, then the encoder may store the CBF and store thecoefficients.

To illustrate, in FIG. 2B an encoder would store (e.g., in a bitstream)a split flag of “1” for the root transform unit, store a split flag of“1” for the first transform unit of level 2 (e.g., transform unit onleft), store a split flag of “0” for the first transform unit of level 3(e.g., transform unit on left), store a CBF of “0” for the firsttransform unit of level 3, store a split flag of “0” for the secondtransform unit of level 3, store a CBF of “0 for the second transformunit of level 3, store a split flag of “0” for the third transform unitof level 3, store a CBF of “0” for the third transform unit of level 3,store a split flag of “0” for the fourth transform unit of level 3,store a CBF of “1” for the fourth transform unit of level 3, and storethe coefficients of the fourth transform unit. As discussed in furtherdetail below, in some instances the CBF of the fourth transform unit(e.g., last transform unit) may not be stored. After storing CBFs forlevel 3, the encoder may return to level 2 and store CBFs and/orcoefficients for the remaining three transform units on level 2.

As noted above, in aspects of the current disclosure a CBF of a lasttransform unit (e.g., the fourth transform unit on level 3) may be codedand derived when three consecutive CBFs of “0” are identified forpreceding transform units on a particular level and when (i) log₂(sizeof current transform unit) is less than log₂(size of maximum transformunit) or (ii) log₂(size of current coding unit) is less than or equal tolog₂(size of maximum transform unit). A maximum transform unit size maybe any size (e.g., 16×16, 32×32, 64×64) that is configured by anencoder, decoder, individual, and/or application. In one instance, themaximum size is set to a 32×32 pixel block.

In deriving this condition, three cases will be discussed in furtherdetail below: 1) a size of a current transform unit is less than amaximum size of a transform unit (e.g., predetermined maximum size), 2)a size of a current transform unit is greater than a maximum size of atransform unit, and 3) a size of a current transform unit is equal to amaximum size of a transform unit.

Case 1: When a size of a current transform unit is less than a maximumsize of a transform unit, an encoder may infer a CBF value of a lasttransform unit when three consecutive CBFs are identified that indicatethat residual information does not exist. In this case, the currenttransform unit is not required to split into sub-units.

Case 2: When a size of a current transform unit is greater than amaximum size of a transform unit, an encoder may not signal (e.g., inferand/or store) a CBF for the current transform unit. In this case, thecurrent transform unit was required to split into sub-units and the CBFmay not be signaled at the level of current transform unit. Here, theCBF may be signaled for the leaf transform units one or more levelsbelow the current transform unit (e.g., CBF is signaled for un-splitleaf transform units). Accordingly, the inference techniques may not beimplemented for a CBF of a current transform unit that is a lasttransform unit since the CBF will not be signaled at a level of thecurrent transform unit.

Case 3: When a size of a current transform unit is equal to a maximumsize of a transform unit, an encoder may signal the CBF for the currenttransform unit if the current transform unit is a leaf transform unit.Generally, in this case the inference techniques may not be implementedfor a last CBF because the current transform unit may be have beenrequired to split into sub-units. However, if the CBF of a parenttransform unit is signaled as “1” (the CBF of a root transform unit issignaled as root CBF), the inference techniques may be implemented for alast CBF. Accordingly, in this case if log₂(a size of current transformunit)+1 is equal to log₂(a size of a parent transform unit) and the CBFof the parent transform unit is signaled, then the inference techniquesmay be implemented for a last CBF.

Generally, the CBF of a parent transform unit is sent if it is the rootof the transform unit (e.g., root of residual quadtree), and the roottransform unit has a same size as a current coding unit. Thus, thecondition for case 3 may be changed to: log₂(a size of current transformunit)+1=log₂(a size of current coding unit). This condition can be relaxto: log₂(a size of current transform unit)+1=log₂(a size of currentcoding unit)∥log₂(a size of current transform unit)+1>log₂(a size ofcurrent coding unit). Because log₂(a size of current transform unit)+1is rarely (e.g., never) greater than log₂(a size of current codingunit), the condition for case 3 may be further changed to: log₂(a sizeof current coding unit)<=log₂(a size of current transform unit)+1. Sincea size of the current transform unit can be assumed to be a size of themaximum transform unit, the condition becomes: log₂(a size of currentcoding unit)<=log₂(maximum transform unit)+1.

By combining the results of Cases 1 and 3, a CBF value may be inferredwhen three consecutive CBFs of “0” are identified for precedingtransform units on a particular level and when (i) log₂(size of currenttransform unit) is less than log₂(size of maximum transform unit) and/or(ii) log₂(size of current coding unit) is less than or equal tolog₂(size of maximum transform unit)+1.

To illustrate, in FIG. 2B an encoder may infer a CBF value of “1” forthe last transform unit (e.g., fourth transform unit) on level 3 if (i)log₂(size of last transform unit) is less than log₂(size of maximumtransform unit) or (ii) log₂(size of the coding unit) is less than orequal to log₂(size of maximum transform unit)+1, since the CBF values ofpreceding transform units on level 3 are “0”. After inferring the CBFvalue of “1”, the encoder may refrain from storing the CBF in thebitstream. In addition, the encoder may store the coefficients for thelast transform unit since there is residual information (e.g., thecoefficients are non-zero).

In some instances, a CBF value is stored for each leaf transform unitand for each non-leaf transform unit that is required to be split. Thismay occur regardless of whether the CBF value is associated with achroma component or a luma component of the transform unit. A chromacomponent corresponds to a signal for representing color information andluma component corresponds to a signal for representing brightnessinformation. These components are generally known by those of ordinaryskill in the art. As noted above, a leaf transform unit is a transformunit at the lowest level (e.g., level at which a transform unit is notsplit). By storing CBF values of non-leaf transform units that arerequired to be split, CBF signaling (e.g., storing and/or sending CBFsto a decoder) may be more efficient in comparison to techniques whichsend CBF values only for leaf transform units. In some instances, thismay be more efficient for a case in which most of the residualinformation is zero and a transform unit is required to split for someother reason. In such a case, all the CBFs of all the transform unitsbelow a current non-leaf transform unit do not need to be signaled,because the CBF of the non-leaf transform unit would be signaled as “0”.In one example, a transform unit, of a particular quadtree shared bychroma and luma components, may have most of the chroma residue as “0,”and the transform unit may be split because of the luma component. Insuch a case, signaling a CBF for non-leaf transform units may be moreefficient.

Example Processes

FIGS. 3-4 illustrate example processes 300 and 400 for employing thetechniques described herein. For ease of illustration processes 300 and400 are described as being performed in the architecture 100 of FIG. 1.For example, one or more of the individual operations of the processes300 and 400 may be performed by the video content source 102 and/or thedevice 104. However, processes 300 and 400 may be performed in otherarchitectures. Moreover, the architecture 100 may be used to performother processes.

The processes 300 and 400 (as well as each process described herein) areillustrated as a logical flow graph, each operation of which representsa sequence of operations that can be implemented in hardware, software,or a combination thereof. In the context of software, the operationsrepresent computer-executable instructions stored on one or morecomputer-readable storage media that, when executed by one or moreprocessors, perform the recited operations. Generally,computer-executable instructions include routines, programs, objects,components, data structures, and the like that perform particularfunctions or implement particular abstract data types. The order inwhich the operations are described is not intended to be construed as alimitation, and any number of the described operations can be combinedin any order and/or in parallel to implement the process.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example process 300 that may be performed by anencoder (e.g., the encoder 114 of FIG. 1) to determine (e.g., infer) avalue of a coded-block-flag. In particular, at operation 302, theencoder may divide a frame of video content into one or more codingunits of a predetermined size (e.g., 32×32 pixels). At 302, the encodermay also divide each coding unit into one or more prediction and/ortransform units of one or more levels. In some instances, a predictionand/or transform unit may be split into four sub-units. Further, in someinstances if a transform unit is greater than or equal to apredetermined maximum size, then the transform unit may be split.

At operation 304, the encoder may perform prediction operations on theone or more prediction units. The prediction operations may result inresidual information (e.g., a difference between pixel values of areference block and pixel values of a prediction unit). Acoded-block-flag may then be associated with each prediction unit and/ora corresponding transform unit. The coded-block-flag may indicatewhether the prediction unit and/or transform units includes residualinformation.

At operation 306, the encoder may represent the video content with aplurality of nodes. For example, a particular coding unit may berepresented as a tree structure (e.g., create a residual quadtree)including nodes that correspond to transform units. Each transform unitmay be associated with a coded-block-flag.

At operation 308, the encoder may send coded-block-flags of precedingnodes at a particular level in the tree structure to a decoder (e.g.,store coded-block-flags in a bitstream to be sent to the decoder). Forexample, in a residual quadtree having four leaf nodes at a particularlevel, the encoder may send coded-block-flags of the first three nodesin the quadtree.

At operation 310, the encoder may determine whether thecoded-block-flags of the preceding nodes are each a particular value.For example, the encoder may determine whether a coded-block-flag of apreceding node (e.g., transform unit) is a particular value indicatingthat the node does not include residual information (e.g., “0”).

At operation 312, the encoder may determine whether a predeterminedcondition is satisfied. For example, the encoder may determine whetherlog₂(a size of a current transform unit)<log₂(the predetermined maximumtransform unit size) and/or whether log₂(a size of a current codingunit)≤log₂(the predetermined maximum transform unit size)+1. The currenttransform unit may correspond to the node that is currently beingprocessed (e.g., the fourth/last node of a particular level).

At operation 314, if the operation 310 determines that thecoded-block-flags of the preceding nodes are each a particular value andif the operation 312 determines that the predetermined condition issatisfied, then the process 300 may proceed to operation 316.

At the operation 316, the encoder may determine (e.g., infer) a value ofa CBF associated with a last node of the tree structure (e.g., fourthnode at a particular level). For example, the encoder may determine thatthe last transform unit (e.g., fourth transform unit) of a residualquadtree at a particular level includes a coded-block-flag value thatindicates that the transform unit includes residual information (e.g.,“1”).

At operation 318, the encoder may refrain from sending thecoded-block-flag of the last node to the decoder (e.g., refrain fromstoring the coded-block-flags in a bitstream to be sent to a decoder).However, the encoder may send the coefficients for the last node to adecoder. The coefficients may have been determined through transformingthe residual information for the node (e.g., transform unit).

Alternatively, at operation 314, if the operation 310 determines thatthe coded-block-flags of the preceding nodes are not each a particularvalue and/or if the operation 312 determines that the predeterminedcondition is not satisfied, then the process 300 may proceed tooperation 320.

At the operation 320, the encoder may send the coded-block-flag of thelast node to the decoder (e.g., store coded-block-flag in a bitstream tobe sent to the decoder). In addition, the encoder may send thecoefficients for the last node to the decoder.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example process 400 that may be performed by adecoder (e.g., the decoder 124 of FIG. 1) to determine (e.g., infer) avalue of a coded-block-flag. In particular, at operation 402, thedecoder may receive a bitstream that was generated by an encoder. Thebitstream may include compressed data for video content.

At operation 404, the decoder may represent the video content of thebitstream with a plurality of nodes. For example, a particular codingunit of the video content may be represented as a residual quadtreeincluding nodes that correspond to transform units. Each transform unitmay be associated with a coded-block-flag.

At operation 406, the decoder may identify coded-block-flags in thebitstream of preceding nodes at a particular level of the treestructure. At operation 408, the decoder may determine whether thecoded-block-flags of the preceding nodes are each a particular value.For example, the decoder may determine whether a coded-block-flag of apreceding node (e.g., one of first three transform units on a particularlevel) is a particular value that indicates that the node does notinclude residual information (e.g., “0”).

At operation 410, the decoder may determine whether a predeterminedcondition is satisfied. For example, the decoder may determine whetherlog₂(a size of a current transform unit)<log₂(the predetermined maximumtransform unit size) and/or whether log₂(a size of a current codingunit)≤log₂(the predetermined maximum transform unit size)+1. The currenttransform unit may correspond to the node that is currently beingprocessed (e.g., the fourth/last node of a particular level).

At operation 412, if the operation 408 determines that thecoded-block-flags of the preceding nodes are each a particular value andif the operation 410 determines that the predetermined condition issatisfied, then the process 400 may proceed to operation 414.

At the operation 414, the decoder may determine (e.g., infer) a value ofa CBF associated with a last node of the tree structure (e.g., fourthnode at a particular level). For example, the decoder may determine thatthe last transform unit (e.g., fourth transform unit) of a residualquadtree at a particular level includes a coded-block-flag value thatindicates that the transform unit includes residual information (e.g.,“1”).

Alternatively, at operation 412, if the operation 408 determines thatthe coded-block-flags of the preceding nodes are not each a particularvalue and/or if the operation 410 determines that the predeterminedcondition is not satisfied, then the process 400 may proceed tooperation 416.

At the operation 416, the decoder may obtain the coded-block-flag forthe last node (e.g., fourth node) from the bitstream. That is, thedecoder may know that the next bit to be read in from the bitstreamcorresponds to the coded-block-flag for the last node. The decoder mayalso obtain the coefficients for the last node, which may follow thecoded-block-flag in the bitstream.

CONCLUSION

Although embodiments have been described in language specific tostructural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understoodthat the disclosure is not necessarily limited to the specific featuresor acts described. Rather, the specific features and acts are disclosedherein as illustrative forms of implementing the embodiments.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: one or more processors; andmemory, communicatively coupled to the one or more processors, storingcomputer-readable instructions that, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, cause the one or more processors to perform operationscomprising: encoding a frame of video content to produce compresseddata, including, for a given coding unit (“CU”) of the frame:determining that a root transform unit of a residual quadtree for thegiven CU includes residual information; determining a value of a codedblock flag (“CBF”) for the root transform unit, the value of the CBF forthe root transform unit indicating the root transform unit includesresidual information; signaling, as part of the compressed data, thevalue of the CBF for the root transform unit; determining whether tosplit the root transform unit into multiple nodes, each of the multiplenodes being associated with a block, including determining that apredetermined condition is satisfied, the predetermined conditionrelating to a predetermined maximum transform unit size, wherein thepredetermined condition is that a transform unit size is less than thepredetermined maximum transform unit size, and wherein the determiningthat the predetermined condition is satisfied includes determining thatlog₂(the transform unit size)<log₂(the predetermined maximum transformunit size); determining values of multiple preceding CBFs for multipleblocks, the values of the multiple preceding CBFs indicating themultiple blocks, respectively, do not include residual information; andbased at least in part on the values of the multiple preceding CBFsindicating the multiple blocks, respectively, do not include residualinformation, determining a value of a CBF for a given block, the valueof the CBF for the given block indicating that the given block includesresidual information, and refraining from signaling, as part of thecompressed data, the value of the CBF for the given block; andoutputting the compressed data as part of a bitstream, wherein thecompressed data includes the value of the CBF for the root transformunit but not the value of the CBF for the given block, and wherein,within the bitstream, the value of the CBF for the root transform unitis signaled for the given CU.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein thegiven CU is encoded using inter-prediction.
 3. The system of claim 1,wherein the compressed data includes a tree structure for the residualquadtree, the tree structure including: one or more values of splitflags for transform units of the residual quadtree; zero or more valuesof CBFs for the transform units of the residual quadtree; and for eachun-split transform unit of the residual quadtree that includes residualinformation, residual information for that un-split transform unit ofthe residual quadtree.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein, within thebitstream, any values of CBFs for the multiple nodes are signaled in atree structure for the residual quadtree.
 5. The system of claim 1,wherein the multiple blocks and the given block are on a same level ofthe residual quadtree.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the encodingthe frame further includes, for the given CU: performing predictionoperations to produce predicted values for the given CU; and based ondifferences between pixel values for the given CU and the predictedvalues, generating the residual information for the given CU.
 7. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the given block is for a luma component. 8.One or more computer storage media having stored thereoncomputer-executable instructions for causing one or more processors,when programmed thereby, to perform operations comprising: receivingcompressed data as part of a bitstream; and decoding the compressed datato reconstruct a frame of video content, including, for a given codingunit (“CU”) of the frame: determining a value of a coded block flag(“CBF”) for a root transform unit of a residual quadtree for the givenCU, the value of the CBF for the root transform unit indicating the roottransform unit includes residual information, wherein the compresseddata includes the value of the CBF for the root transform unit, andwherein, within the bitstream, the value of the CBF for the roottransform unit is signaled for the given CU; determining, based on thevalue of the CBF for the root transform unit, that the root transformunit includes residual information; determining whether the roottransform unit is split into multiple nodes, each of the multiple nodesbeing associated with a block, including determining that apredetermined condition is satisfied, the predetermined conditionrelating to a predetermined maximum transform unit size, wherein thepredetermined condition is that a transform unit size is less than thepredetermined maximum transform unit size, and wherein the determiningthat the predetermined condition is satisfied includes determining thatlog₂(the transform unit size)<log₂(the predetermined maximum transformunit size); determining values of multiple preceding CBFs for multipleblocks, the values of the multiple preceding CBFs indicating themultiple blocks, respectively, do not include residual information; andbased at least in part on the values of the multiple preceding CBFsindicating the multiple blocks, respectively, do not include residualinformation, determining a value of a CBF for a given block, the valueof the CBF for the given block indicating that the given block includesresidual information, wherein the compressed data does not include thevalue of the CBF for the given block.
 9. The one or more computerstorage media of claim 8, wherein the given CU is decoded usinginter-prediction.
 10. The one or more computer storage media of claim 8,wherein the compressed data includes a tree structure for the residualquadtree, the tree structure including: one or more values of splitflags for transform units of the residual quadtree; zero or more valuesof CBFs for the transform units of the residual quadtree; and for eachun-split transform unit of the residual quadtree that includes residualinformation, residual information for that un-split transform unit ofthe residual quadtree.
 11. The one or more computer storage media ofclaim 8, wherein, within the bitstream, any values of CBFs for themultiple nodes are signaled in a tree structure for the residualquadtree.
 12. The one or more computer storage media of claim 8, whereinthe multiple blocks and the given block are on a same level of theresidual quadtree.
 13. The one or more computer storage media of claim8, wherein the decoding the frame further includes, for the given CU:performing prediction operations to produce predicted values for thegiven CU; and combining the predicted values and the residualinformation for the given CU to reconstruct pixel values for the givenCU.
 14. The one or more computer storage media of claim 8, wherein thegiven block is for a luma component.
 15. One or more computer storagemedia having stored thereon compressed data as part of a bitstream, thecompressed data including a value of a coded block flag (“CBF”) for aroot transform unit of a residual quadtree for a given coding unit(“CU”) of a frame of video content, wherein, within the bitstream, thevalue of the CBF for the root transform unit is signaled for the givenCU, and wherein the compressed data is organized to facilitate decodingto reconstruct the frame by operations that include, for the given CU:determining the value of the CBF for the root transform unit of theresidual quadtree for the given CU, the value of the CBF for the roottransform unit indicating the root transform unit includes residualinformation; determining, based on the value of the CBF for the roottransform unit, that the root transform unit includes residualinformation; determining whether the root transform unit is split intomultiple nodes, each of the multiple nodes being associated with ablock, including determining that a predetermined condition issatisfied, the predetermined condition relating to a predeterminedmaximum transform unit size, wherein the predetermined condition is thata transform unit size is less than the predetermined maximum transformunit size, and wherein the determining that the predetermined conditionis satisfied includes determining that log₂(the transform unitsize)<log₂(the predetermined maximum transform unit size); determiningvalues of multiple preceding CBFs for multiple blocks, the values of themultiple preceding CBFs indicating the multiple blocks, respectively, donot include residual information; and based at least in part on thevalues of the multiple preceding CBFs indicating the multiple blocks,respectively, do not include residual information, determining a valueof a CBF for a given block, the value of the CBF for the given blockindicating that the given block includes residual information, whereinthe compressed data does not include the value of the CBF for the givenblock.
 16. The one or more computer storage media of claim 15, whereinthe given CU is decoded using inter-prediction.
 17. The one or morecomputer storage media of claim 15, wherein the compressed data includesa tree structure for the residual quadtree, the tree structureincluding: one or more values of split flags for transform units of theresidual quadtree; zero or more values of CBFs for the transform unitsof the residual quadtree; and for each un-split transform unit of theresidual quadtree that includes residual information, residualinformation for that un-split transform unit of the residual quadtree.18. The one or more computer storage media of claim 15, wherein, withinthe bitstream, any values of CBFs for the multiple nodes are signaled ina tree structure for the residual quadtree.
 19. The one or more computerstorage media of claim 15, wherein the multiple blocks and the givenblock are on a same level of the residual quadtree.
 20. The one or morecomputer storage media of claim 15, wherein the decoding to reconstructthe frame further includes, for the given CU: performing predictionoperations to produce predicted values for the given CU; and combiningthe predicted values and the residual information for the given CU toreconstruct pixel values for the given CU.